Introduction
The word "organ," as so many words in English, has different meanings
depending on the context in which it is used. Even within a musical context, "organ"
can be
indefinite in its connotations. This liberal use of the word is found not
only in English but also in Greek and Latin writings, where organon
and organum were used to mean variously
1
- a musical instrument generically.
- the specific instrument we recognize today as the pipe organ.
- a type of composition for voices.
Even if one considers the English word in its application to a specific musical
instrument, it has
different connotations to different readers. To some it conjures up visions of
ornate
displays of pipes arranged in beautiful cases, with the keyboards almost never seen
by most who
enter the building.9
Others think only of an elaborate console, with row upon row of keyboards,
buttons, switches and knobs visible to the eye, but not a pipe in sight.10
In many cases, instruments
that are referred to as "organs" do not even have pipes, but produce their sound
through
electronic reproduction of pipe sounds.
In the face of all this confusion, it is necessary to make a decision as to what
the "organ"
really is. Many writers - - of dictionaries, encyclopedias, and textbooks - - have
given accurate
definitions of the organ as a specific musical instrument. For the purposes of this
tutorial, the
word is used as it has been by recent writers Willi Apel 2 and
Peter Williams.3
That is, the organ is a
musical instrument in which:
- the sound is produced by air flowing through pipes.
- the air is under controlled pressure (commonly referred to as wind) that
has been
mechanically generated.
- one or more sets of pipes are placed on a chest which stores the
pressurized air.
- the entrance of air into those pipes is controlled by a player operating
one or more keyboards.
Instruments not included in this definition
Mouth
organ. In several Asian cultures, the instrument called in various
cultures sho, sheng, khaen or other names has some resemblance to the organ,
and it,
along with the similar "syrinx," is an older instrument that the organ.4
Although these instruments have pipes set in a small container for wind, that wind is
not
mechanically generated or controlled, nor do these instruments have a keyboard.
Harmonium.
The harmonium differs from an organ chiefly
in its sound-producing element. Although its sound is controlled by at
least one keyboard, and air under either positive or negative pressure
is used to produce the sound, there are no pipes in a "pump organ." The
photograph
to the left shows a small harmonium of the type built in the United States as a
parlor instrument in
the late nineteenth century.69
The two large pedals are used to operate the wind mechanism, which draws air under
negative
pressure through a reed-box. European instruments usually work in the opposite way,
forcing air
under positive pressure over the reeds.
- Electronic organs. Electronic organs allow the performer
to control the sound through keyboards, but the sound itself is produced
electronically through a system of amplifiers and speakers. Although these
instruments can be
used
very well in performing organ music, and although technologically they are able to
reproduce the
sounds of pipes with increasing faithfulness to the originals, their place in the
history of the organ
must be excluded in this tutorial. This exclusion
applies to instruments that generate sound through
- rotating sound wheels, as in the Hammond
- analogue sound reproduction, as in many instruments produced in the
third quarter of the twentieth century, notably those by both the Rodgers
and the Allen organ companies.
- Digital instruments that store and retrieve sounds through more modern
means.
- Synthesizers. These instruments are excluded on the same
basis as electronic organs. In both cases, the sound is produced by a system
of amplifiers and speakers, but a synthesizer is not limited to the reproduction
of sounds produced on a pipe instrument.
Additional Characteristics
According to the definition given above, an organ must have several specific
components. In
practice, these required components take a variety of forms. Additionally, organs
over the past
few centuries have developed other special characteristics which distinguish them.
Thus, an organ
built in the Netherlands in the sixteenth century has pipes, keyboards, and
windchests filled with
wind, but the connections between the keyboard and the rest of the instrument differ
from those
found in a Wurlitzer theater organ built in the 1920's, even though it also has
pipes, keyboards,
and windchests filled with wind. The two instruments might look and sound different,
but they
are both organs by the definition.
Since its invention in the second century BCE, the organ has changed and developed
in many
ways. Its appearance, its size, and its mechanical complexity have altered to
reflect not only
technological developments but also changing musical aesthetics. To many people, it
is the nature
of these changes that gives the instrument a special fascination. They do not alter
the essential
nature of the organ, however. They are simply distinguishing characteristics whose
presence or
absence distinguishes one type of instrument, or even one specific organ, from
another. The
additional features include
- the appearance and placement of the components
- the specific nature and number of pipes
- the number of keyboards present
- devices which change timbres
- devices which change dynamics
All of these characteristics - - both essential and non-essential - - have played an
important part in
the history of the organ. This tutorial presents a description both of the
instrument in its current
state of development at the end of the twentieth century and of its historical
development during a
period of over two thousand years.
- To continue with descriptions of the instrument, make a selection from
the menu THE ORGAN AND HOW IT WORKS.
- To see a list of other options, select Return to the Main Menu.
- A short review
quiz of
material presented on this
page.